How to Spot Myeloma Early
Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a type of blood cancer that originates in the plasma cells of the bone marrow. These cells, which are part of the immune system, can become abnormal and proliferate uncontrollably, leading to various health complications. Early detection of myeloma is crucial for effective treatment. Below, we outline the key warning signs of myeloma and what to watch for.
1. Bone Pain and Weakness
Bone pain is one of the most common symptoms of myeloma. It is often localized in the spine, ribs or hips and may feel worse during movement or at night. This pain occurs due to the overactivity of osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue, leading to weakened bones and increased risk of fractures. Persistent or unexplained bone pain should be evaluated promptly.
2. Frequent Infections
Myeloma affects the body’s ability to produce healthy immune cells, leaving individuals more susceptible to infections. Frequent respiratory infections, urinary tract infections or other recurrent illnesses may signal a weakened immune system. If infections become more frequent or harder to treat, it could be a warning sign.
3. Fatigue and Weakness
As myeloma progresses, it often leads to anemia, a condition where the blood lacks sufficient healthy red blood cells. This can result in chronic fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Unlike typical tiredness, fatigue caused by anemia doesn’t improve with rest.
4. Unexplained Weight Loss
Unintentional weight loss can be a red flag for many health conditions, including myeloma. This occurs because cancer cells consume more energy, and the body may struggle to absorb nutrients properly. Significant, unexplained weight loss warrants medical attention.
5. High Levels of Calcium in the Blood (Hypercalcemia)
Myeloma can cause bones to release calcium into the bloodstream, leading to hypercalcemia. Symptoms of this condition include nausea, vomiting, constipation, excessive thirst, frequent urination, confusion and, in severe cases, kidney problems or coma. These signs should prompt immediate medical evaluation.
6. Kidney Problems
Kidney dysfunction is another common complication of myeloma. Elevated levels of certain proteins produced by myeloma cells can damage the kidneys, leading to reduced kidney function or even kidney failure. Symptoms include swelling in the legs or feet, reduced urine output and high blood pressure.
7. Neurological Symptoms
Neurological issues can arise due to hypercalcemia or spinal cord compression caused by bone damage. Symptoms include numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, muscle weakness, difficulty walking or even loss of bowel or bladder control. These symptoms require immediate medical attention.
8. Excessive Bleeding or Bruising
Myeloma can interfere with the production of platelets, which are necessary for blood clotting. As a result, individuals may experience frequent nosebleeds, prolonged bleeding from minor cuts or easy bruising. This symptom is often one of the earlier indicators of a blood disorder.
9. Thickened Blood (Hyperviscosity Syndrome)
In some cases, myeloma leads to an abnormal buildup of proteins in the blood, making it thicker than normal. This condition, known as hyperviscosity syndrome, can cause symptoms such as blurred vision, headaches, dizziness and confusion. It can also reduce blood flow to vital organs, making it a medical emergency.
10. Night Sweats and Fever
Unexplained night sweats or fevers without an obvious cause can also be a sign of myeloma. These symptoms may result from the body’s inflammatory response to the disease or a concurrent infection due to a weakened immune system.
Treatment Options for Myeloma
While there is no definitive cure for myeloma, several treatment options are available to manage the disease and improve quality of life. These include:
- Targeted therapy. Medications like proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies attack specific components of cancer cells, reducing their growth and spread.
- Chemotherapy. Often used in combination with other treatments, chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing myeloma cells.
- Immunotherapy. Drugs that boost the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy myeloma cells are increasingly used in treatment plans.
- Stem cell transplant. High-dose chemotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant can help replenish healthy blood cells and achieve remission in some patients.
- Radiation therapy. This is used to target specific areas of bone pain or damage.
- Supportive care. Treatments to manage symptoms, such as medications for bone strength, blood transfusions and infection prevention are integral to comprehensive care.
Final Notes
If you or a loved one experience any combination of these symptoms, it’s important to seek medical evaluation. Many of these signs are not specific to myeloma and can be caused by other conditions, but only a healthcare provider can determine the cause through appropriate tests, such as blood work, imaging or bone marrow biopsy.
Recognizing the warning signs of myeloma is key to early diagnosis and effective treatment. If you notice persistent symptoms like bone pain, fatigue, frequent infections or unexplained weight loss, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Advances in treatment options provide hope for managing myeloma and maintaining a good quality of life.
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